Corruption and Voter Turnout: Evidence from the US States

The literature on voter turnout focuses on the determinants of the electorate’s vote supply. There is growing recognition, however, that the demanders of votes—candidates, political parties, and interest groups—have strong incentives to invest resources in mobilizing support on Election Day. The authors test the hypothesis that corruption rents increase the value of holding public office and, hence, elicit greater demand-side effort in building winning coalitions. Analyzing a pooled time-series data set of public officials convicted of misusing their offices between 1979 and 2005, we find, after controlling for other influential factors, that governmental corruption raises voter turnout rates in gubernatorial elections

Las políticas monetarias y cambiarias del FMI y su impacto sobre los derechos humanos

 The IMF’s original mission was to organize a stable Internatio- nal Monetary and Financial System that would favor international trade and correct imbalances at the lowest possible cost. To this end, the IMF was given supervisory powers over monetary and exchange rate policies of member countries, and the power to influence them in the context of assistance programs agreed with countries in difficulty. In practice, the policies advocated by the IMF have aggravated both international econo- mic and financial instability as well as the economic and social cost of the resulting crises, violating economic, social and cultural human rights in the affected countries. Its pro-cyclical macroeconomic policies have been socially costly and economically ineffective, while its structural reforms have undermined the sovereignty of countries. The results of the programs, systematically far from those projected, show analytical deficiencies that have been partially recognized in theory, without the content of IMF programs changing substantially. A reform of the IMF, reflecting the new balance of power in the world economy, is essential if this institution is to resume its original mission and contribute to the realization of the human rights recognized by the United Nations, of which it is part.La misión original del FMI era organizar un Sistema Mone- tario y Financiero Internacional estable, que favoreciera el comercio internacional y corrigiera los desequilibrios con el menor costo posible. Con tal fin, se confirió al FMI poderes de supervisión sobre las políticas monetarias y cambiarias de los países miembros, y la potestad de incidir sobre ellas en ocasión de los programas de asistencia acordados con los países en dificultades. En la práctica, las políticas propugnadas por el FMI han agravado tanto la inestabilidad económica y financiera interna- cional como el costo económico y social de las crisis resultantes, lo cual ha vulnerado los derechos humanos económicos, sociales y culturales en los países afectados. Sus políticas macroeconómicas procíclicas han sido costosas desde el punto de vista social e inefectivas desde el económico, en tanto sus reformas estructurales han vulnerado la sobe- ranía de los países. Los resultados de los programas, sistemáticamente alejados de los proyectados, evidencian deficiencias analíticas que han sido parcialmente reconocidas en la teoría, sin que el contenido de los programas del FMI variara substancialmente. Una reforma del FMI, que refleje la nueva relación de fuerzas en la economía mundial, es indispen- sable para que esa institución retome su misión original y contribuya a la realización de los derechos humanos reconocidos por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, de la cual forma parte

The IMF’s monetary and exchange rate policies, and their impact on human rights

La misión original del FMI era organizar un Sistema Monetario y Financiero Internacional estable, que favoreciera el comercio internacional y corrigiera los desequilibrios con el menor costo posible. Con tal fin, se confirió al FMI poderes de supervisión sobre las políticas monetarias y cambiarias de los países miembros, y la potestad de incidir sobre ellas en ocasión de los programas de asistencia acordados con los países en dificultades. En la práctica, las políticas propugnadas por el FMI han agravado tanto la inestabilidad económica y financiera internacional como el costo económico y social de las crisis resultantes, lo cual ha vulnerado los derechos humanos económicos, sociales y culturales en los países afectados. Sus políticas macroeconómicas procíclicas han sido costosas desde el punto de vista social e inefectivas desde el económico, en tanto sus reformas estructurales han vulnerado la soberanía de los países. Los resultados de los programas, sistemáticamente alejados de los proyectados, evidencian deficiencias analíticas que han sido parcialmente reconocidas en la teoría, sin que el contenido de los programas del FMI variara substancialmente. Una reforma del FMI, que refleje la nueva relación de fuerzas en la economía mundial, es indispensable para que esa institución retome su misión original y contribuya a la realización de los derechos humanos reconocidos por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, de la cual forma parte.The IMF’s original mission was to organize a stable International Monetary and Financial System that would favor international trade and correct imbalances at the lowest possible cost. To this end, the IMF was given supervisory powers over monetary and exchange rate policies of member countries, and the power to influence them in the context of assistance programs agreed with countries in difficulty. In practice, the policies advocated by the IMF have aggravated both international economic and financial instability as well as the economic and social cost of the resulting crises, violating economic, social and cultural human rights in the affected countries. Its pro-cyclical macroeconomic policies have been socially costly and economically ineffective, while its structural reforms have undermined the sovereignty of countries. The results of the programs, systematically far from those projected, show analytical deficiencies that have been partially recognized in theory, without the content of IMF programs changing substantially. A reform of the IMF, reflecting the new balance of power in the world economy, is essential if this institution is to resume its original mission and contribute to the realization of the human rights recognized by the United Nations, of which it is part.Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociale

Internal Anisotropy of Collision Cascades

We investigate the internal anisotropy of collision cascades arising from the branching structure. We show that the global fractal dimension cannot give an adequate description of the geometrical structure of cascades because it is insensitive to the internal anisotropy. In order to give a more elaborate description we introduce an angular correlation function, which takes into account the direction of the local growth of the branches of the cascades. It is demonstrated that the angular correlation function gives a quantitative description of the directionality and the interrelation of branches. The power law decay of the angular correlation is evidenced and characterized by an exponent and an angular correlation length different from the radius of gyration. It is demonstrated that the overlapping of subcascades has a strong effect on the angular correlation.Comment: RevteX, 8 pages, 6 .eps figures include

Energetics and development modes of Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean including Burdwood Bank/MPA Namuncurá

Reproduction is a highly expensive process that during gonadal development requires an important supply of nutrients. The allocation of energy can vary throughout the reproductive cycle, between sexes and development modes. During research cruise aboard the RV Puerto Deseado in April 2016, we collected fifteen species of sea stars from the southernmost region of Argentina. The main purposes of the present study were threefold: first, to revise and report novel information on the reproductive strategies and energetic density (ED) of body components from the asteroids of the southwestern Atlantic Ocean including Burdwood Bank/ MPA Namuncurá; second, to compare the ED of these body components across species with contrasting reproductive strategies; third, to provide a tool to estimate the ED from dry mass of organs of the sea star species examined. Ovaries of Diplopteraster verrucosus (a brooder with a nidamental chamber) revealed a significantly greater ED than did the testes (29.81 ± 1.38 and 17.76 ± 1.59, respectively). In Glabraster antarctica (a broadcaster with yolky eggs and facultative planktotrophic larvae), the gonads had EDs of 25.78 ± 3.16 and 19.21 ± 0.52 (females and males, respectively). While in Peribolaster folliculatus (a broadcaster with eggs with low yolk content and inferred planktotrophic larvae) there was no significant difference in the ED values between sexes (females: 22.79 ± 1.10 and males: 20.46 ± 1.05). For the pyloric caeca, ED values did not reveal any difference between sexes, although in P. folliculatus, the ED was significantly higher than that for D. verrucosus and G. antarctica (25.90 ± 1.00, 23.03 ± 0.34, and 22.66 ± 0.65, respectively). The body wall had higher ED values in D. verrucosus and P. folliculatus than that for all the sea star species analyzed (46.48 ± 1.63, 51.17 ± 1.34, respectively). Higher ED values in the ovaries could be related to the nutrition of offspring, while differences found in the body wall may reflect the skeletal structure of this body component. This research provides basic information for understanding the differences on energetic allocation when contrasting development modes are considered.Fil: Fraysse, Cintia Pamela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Maimónides. Área de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas. Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y de Diagnóstico; ArgentinaFil: Pérez, Analía F.. Universidad Maimónides. Área de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas. Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y de Diagnóstico; ArgentinaFil: Calcagno, Javier Ángel. Universidad Maimónides. Área de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas. Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y de Diagnóstico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Boy, Claudia Clementina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentin